computer

A computer is generally defined as a programmable machine. The two principal characteristics of a computer are: it responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner and it canexecute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program).

Modern Computers Defined

Modern computers are electronic and digital. The actual machinery — wires, transistors, and circuits — is calledhardware; the instructions and data are called software.

All general-purpose computers require the following hardware components:

Memory: enables a computer to store, at least temporarily, data and programs.

Mass storage device: allows a computer to permanently retain large amounts of data. Common mass storage devices include disk drives and tape drives.

Input device: usually a keyboard and mouse, the input device is the conduit through which data and instructions enter a computer.

Output device: a display screen, printer, or other device that lets you see what the computer has accomplished.

Central processing unit (CPU): the heart of the computer, this is the component that actually executes instructions.

In addition to these components, many others make it possible for the basic components to work together efficiently. For example, every computer requires a bus that transmits data from one part of the computer to another.

Computer Classification: By Size and Power

Computers can be generally classified by size and power as follows, though there is considerable overlap:

Personal computer: a small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor. In addition to the microprocessor, a personal computer has a keyboard for entering data, a monitor for displaying information, and a storage device for saving data.

Workstation: a powerful, single-user computer. A workstation is like a personal computer, but it has a more powerful microprocessor and a higher-quality monitor.

Minicomputer: a multi-user computer capable of supporting from 10 to hundreds of users simultaneously.

Mainframe: a powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously.

Supercomputer: an extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per second.

The First Digital Computer (USA)

The first digital computer in the United States, the ENIAC machine (John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert at the University of Pennsylvania) used 18,000 vacuum tubes and trequired 167 square meters (1800 square feet) of floor space.